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Plumbing the depths for new species

Tom Feilden | 13:48 UK time, Friday, 16 October 2009

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/today/tomfeilden/2009/10/plumbing_the_depths_for_new_sp.html

Royal Research Ships, it seems, are a little like giant telescopes.

Instead of buying, or hiring one, and sailing away to conduct their experiments in a one-off voyage, scientists "book time" on the research ship that's passing closest to the feature they want to study. The ships themselves plough endlessly this way and that across the high seas.

It's the most efficient way of managing what are admittedly expensive bits of kit - the RRS James Cook cost the Natural Environment Research Council some £36 million in 2006 - but it means they're constantly at sea. When one does finally put in to port, there's something of a mad scramble to load it up with experimental equipment that may not be needed for months or even years.



That's what was happening when I caught up with Dr Jon Copley from the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton. I found him packing the last of his scientific gear tackle and trim into a shipping container deep in the hold of the James Cook, which had put in to Falmouth to take on supplies earlier this week.

Drums of chemicals and packing cases, even a fridge-freezer, were all wedged into the container and securely strapped down - it's important that nothing breaks free during a storm.

The next time any of it sees the light of day will be in February, when the James Cook will be over the East Scotia Ridge to the west of the South Sandwich Islands in the southern ocean - a remote part of the chain of underwater volcanoes and hydrothermal vents that snakes its way, like the seam on a tennis ball, for 40,000 miles around the planet.

As a marine biologist, Jon Copley is interested in the complex web of life that has evolved around these hydrothermal vents.

"The mid ocean ridges are where under sea volcanoes are creating new earth's crust. Geologists and physicists are trying to understand these processes, and biologists are studying the lush colonies of life that have grown up around these hot springs," he says.

It may seem incredible, but even after 30 years of exploration we still know more about the surface of Mars or Venus than we do about the crushing, inky, blackness of the ocean floor. According to Dr Tim Shank from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution this, rather than space, is the real New Frontier.

"I used to think that the age of discovery was over. That Vasco Da Gama and all these people had found everything there was to find," he says.

"But the reality is we've barely touched exploration on our planet. It is just remarkable what's down there and what we haven't seen yet".

Part of the reason why we haven't seen it yet is the difficulty - and cost - associated with conducting research thousands of miles from dry land, and thousands of feet beneath the waves.

No one country or scientific institution can hope to do it all, and so in an effort to pool resources and avoid unnecessary duplication scientists have formed InterRidge, a kind of international academic talking-shop to plan and co-ordinate efforts to explore the deep oceans.

The UK takes the chair of InterRidge in January, and two of the first projects it will oversee are Jon Copley's expeditions to the Scotia Ridge and the Cayman Islands in the Caribbean.

That's where the fridge-freezer comes in. It's stuffed with frozen chunks of a dismembered whale that washed up dead in Cardiff Bay a few days ago. The carcass will spend a year at 5,500 metres on the deep ocean floor to see what sorts of creatures turn up for a free lunch.

The chances are it'll be something completely new to science...happy hunting

 

Welsh dragon flies deep under sea

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7355303.stm

A ship's technician has flown the flag for Wales not only thousands of miles from home, but deep under the sea.

Page last updated at 09:15 GMT, Sunday, 20 April 2008 10:15 UK

Leighton Rolley, from Cardiff, used a robot to raise the Welsh dragon some 3.5km (2.2m) below the surface near the Galapagos islands in the Pacific Ocean.

He normally operates the robot to help scientists understand the Earth's crust and gather rock samples.

The biodegradable flag was anchored by weights and signed by members of the scientific party on the cruise.

The unfurling was witnessed by Dr Chris MacLeod from Cardiff University.

The school of earth and ocean sciences lecturer was on board the RRS James Cook ship as part of a Cardiff University research project to look at plate tectonics around the Galapagos Islands.

Mr Rolley, who works for the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) which manages RRS James Cook, described the delicate matter of unfurling the flag remotely as one of the most memorable moments of his career.

"As the cruise was sponsored by Cardiff University it seemed a good idea at the time," he said.

"But I don't think many people will be bumping into the flag any time soon. Some submersibles can carry a person to that depth but I expect the next people to see it will be those like us remotely controlling robots on research ships."

The flag had previously been raised above the ship and its journey to the bottom of the sea has been recorded on Mr Rolley's website.

The ISIS deep sea robot is normally used to grab rock samples from the sea bed. A camera is also fitted on to it so scientists can watch what is going on in the sea.

The submersible, which can dive to around 5km (3.1m), also has a rock drill to help recover deeper rock samples.

The research carried out by Dr MacLeod and others on RRS James Cook will help scientists understand how plate tectonics move.

RRS James Cook has been described as the "world's most advanced research ship" by NERC and is also used to monitor climate change, carrying scientists to remote corners of the globe.

 

Scientists probe 'hole in Earth'

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6405667.stm

are to sail to the mid-Atlantic to examine a massive "open wound" on the Earth's surface.

Dr Chris MacLeod, from Cardiff University, said the Earth's crust appeared to be missing across an area of several thousand square kilometres.

The hole in the crust is midway between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

The team will survey the area, up to 5km (3 miles) under the surface, from ocean research vessel RRS James Cook.

The ship is on its inaugural voyage after being named in February.

Dr MacLeod said the hole in the Earth's crust was not unique, but was recognised as one of the most significant.

He said it was an "open wound on the surface of the Earth", where the oceanic crust, usually 6-7km thick (3.7-4.3 miles), was simply not there.

"Usually the plates are pulled apart and to fill the gap the mantle underneath has to rise up. As it comes up it starts to melt. That forms the magma," he said.

"That's the normal process. Here it has gone awry for some reason.

"The crust does not seem to be repairing itself."

Dr MacLeod said the research could lead to a "new way of understanding" the process of plate tectonics.

The scientist will test theories he developed after visiting the area in 2001 - including the possibility the missing crust was caused by a "detachment fracture".

"Effectively it's a huge rupture - one side is being pulled away from the other. It's created a rupture so big it's actually pulled the entire crust away.

"We also think the mantle did not melt as much as usual and that the normal amount of mantle was not produced."

As a result, the mantle is exposed to seawater, creating a rock called serpentinite.

The survey voyage, costing $1m (£510,000), will be led by marine geophysicist Professor Roger Searle, from Durham University.

Dr Bramley Murton, from the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, is the third expert taking part.

They will set sail from Tenerife on Monday and return in April.

The team intends to use sonar to build up an image of the seafloor and then take rock cores using a robotic seabed drill developed by the British Geological Survey in conjunction with Dr MacLeod.

The progress of the voyage can be followed online.

 

£40m ocean research ship named

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/6335015.stm

A £40m ship designed for oceanographic research to monitor climate change has been formally named.

The Southampton-based RRS James Cook has been described as the "world's most advanced research ship" by the Natural Environment Research Council.

It replaces the RRS Darwin which spent 21 years circumnavigating the globe.

Princess Anne named the RRS James Cook in a ceremony at the National Oceanographic Centre, ahead of its maiden voyage next month.

The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), who will manage the ship, said it will carry scientists to remote areas of the globe.

'Develop antibiotics'

Professor Alan Thorpe, of NERC, said: "With oceans covering around three quarters of the Earth, ships like these are vital for the research community.

"They can reach places that would otherwise be impossible to explore.

"They allow us to discover micro-organisms that could, for example, be used to develop new antibiotics.

"And they help us to monitor and understand changes in the oceans that affect temperature and climate."

The ship's first project is to aid in monitoring the mid-Atlantic ridge, to gather information on the Earth's crust

 

Scientists from Durham University are to use robots to explore the depths of the Atlantic Ocean to study the growth of underwater volcanoes.

The Durham experts will lead an international team of 12 scientists sailing from the Azores on 23 May.

The five-week expedition will see explorer robots map individual volcanoes on tectonic plates almost two miles (3km) below the surface.

It is hoped the study will show how long it takes the volcanoes to form.

Prof Roger Searle, of the university's department of earth sciences, said: "The problem is that we don't know how fast these volcanoes form or if they all come from melting the same piece of mantle rock.

"Understanding the processes is important, because the whole ocean floor, some 60% of the Earth's surface, has been recycled and re-formed many times over the Earth's history."

Professor Searle's team will include scientists from the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, the Open University, the University of Paris and several institutions in the USA.

The work is funded by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council, which also owns and operates the RRS James Cook, which will be used for the expedition.

 

Voyage of discovery for Master of seas

http://www.expressandstar.com/2009/11/23/voyage-of-discovery-for-master-of-seas/

It’s 0630 somewhere in the South Atlantic and Roger Chamberlain wakes, heads for the bridge and sends his latest update from the Royal Research Ship James Cook to the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.

It’s an average sort of day. He’s on a heading of 180 degs (due south) at 9.9 knots. The ship is being helped along by a 20-knot tailwind from the north.

The sea is officially “choppy/rough swell moderate” although in a later dispatch to the Express & Star he prefers the word “lumpy”. Lumpy sea is what you expect as you emerge from the doldrums of the tropics. And it’s about to get a lot lumpier.

Roger Chamberlain is on an 8,500 voyage of discovery, following in the great British tradition of Charles Darwin and Captain Cook. His charge is a party of 28 scientists from all over the world who are searching the ocean depths for evidence of changes caused by global warming.

Being Master of a 4,500 ton vessel is a hard, technical task. Yet Roger admits he’s passionately in love with the sea and talks poetically about it .

Cook and Darwin had to wait until they were home to describe the wonders they beheld. Roger does it in his daily internet blog:

“I have mostly liked my life on the high seas, visiting those places I dreamt about as a lad, meeting nice, indifferent, dour, menacing, jolly people along the way,” he says. “Just like Captain James Cook’s ‘Endeavour’ we are always on a voyage of discovery.

“I have seen the sea at its very best with moonlight phosphorescence bewitching your very soul. I have seen the 25-30 metre waves driven by 90-120 mph winds tearing and testing the very fabric of my vessel.

“I have been part of expeditions to the Arctic and to the Antarctic and cut the waves alongside whales, dolphins, penguins and flying fish.”

It’s a job that brings some intriguing privileges. Thanks to his friendship with the scientists, there is a small feature on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which bears the name of Rupert. “My late hamster,” he explains.

Born in 1956 in Barry, South Wales, Roger first went to sea as a catering boy in 1972. He moved to Wolverhampton to be with his girlfriend Carol in 1980 and they married two years later. The couple live in Fordhouses and have a son, Gareth and daughter Carys.

The Master has been a captain of Research Vessels for many years and has commanded the RRS James Cook for six months, punctuated with spells of leave.

His latest voyage, Cruise JC039, began in Falmouth on October 13 and will take him to Punta Arenas, Chile by December 1. Then he picks up a flight to be back in Wolverhampton with Carol for Christmas.

It’s a strange job for a land-locked Midlander and he admits that only the curiosity of the scientists makes it possible.

He is carrying boffins from the Plymouth Marine laboratory and the Universities of Oxford, Brest, Warwick, Oregon, Washington, Philippines, Bigelow Labs, and the UK National Oceanography Centre.

Says the Master: “My job and that of my officers, crew and technicians is to take the ship to the areas of interest and enable the scientists to cast their instruments and nets into the water for as long and as much as they need to.”

His task, above all, is to keep them safe.

“The scientists are a demanding lot,” he says. “They push the envelope as much as they can. My job (along with my Senior Officers) is to assess if we can do it taking into account weather, sea, time constraints and so on. But as usual my decision is final.”

By this stage, the voyage has settled into a routine.

“A typical day starts with breakfast. The galley smells meet you before you arrive. All those plans you had for a healthy fruit and muesli breakfast are being smashed by the sight of all the fried fare available.

“Later there’s a management meeting with the chief engineer, the chief officer, the head technician, the bosun, the purser and the principal scientist (the expedition leader who we are all serving).

“We discuss the day and week ahead, any unusual tasks, problems arising, safety issues and fuel consumed, which is eight tonnes a day normally on two engines.”

The scientists lay their nets and examine their data. Another day ends.

It’s not all hard work and no play. When RRS James Cook crossed the Equator, there was gin all round and the ceremonial shaving of a bearded scientist to mark his first “crossing the line”.

The sun sinks into the tropical sea. Phosphorescence shimmers in the bow wave. Roger Chamberlain is 7,000 miles from Fordhouses, reflecting on a fine career on the unpredictable deep: “I have seen so much beauty and rage on this precious planet that I can honestly say I feel a very lucky man.”

But hours after we talk, the weather turns nasty. Today, James Cook is battling against storms halfway between Africa and South America. The Master’s report reads: “Back in the teeth of a storm again – phew!

“Status: Vessel labouring in turbulent seas. Currently in the teeth of a nasty depression giving stormy conditions.”

 

 

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